Learning ten new Russian words per day?

By late 2022, even with a good grasp of basic grammar, my Russian vocabulary was still lagging behind at about 800 words—close to the level of a three-to-four-year-old, inadequate for any meaningful communication.

On December 31^st [2024-08: Ms X.] proposed a sort of motivational game: on request she would comment every participant’s new year resolutions and concrete plans about Russian learning, discuss whether they were realistic and give advice.

I wrote about my frustration with my limited vocabulary, and initially considered a rigid study routine of ten new words to learn every day: in one year that would give me 3650 new words, a very considerable boost.

[2024-08: Ms X.], while conceding that my plan was not impossible, considered it too heavy. Since I intended to follow my study routine seriously I listened to her and reduced my goal aiming at around 5 new words¹ per day instead of 10, after I recovered from my backlog.

One year has now passed. I have studied every single day in 2023, and have now been at 6 new words per day for several months. As of January 1^st 2024 I know 2440 words², which definitely counts as progress. Starting from a baseline of 800 this makes 1640 new words, or 4.49 new words per day on average across the entire year.
While I cannot yet follow most Russian texts intended for natives and my command of the language does not allow much immersion without me getting frustrated, I am satisfied about my progress. I understand much more than before; I keep reading my simplified beginner books slowly, but with less difficulty and more pleasure; and I can write in Russian better, with less hesitation and less need to look up words than before.

I have studied with Anki; I mostly use the “computer” version running on GNU/Linux, and occasionally the AnkiDroid version on my Replicant phone when I am travelling. I recommend those two free-software versions³ of Anki.

Disclaimer: this is my opinion and language teachers may disagree

One’s motivation for learning Russian is not the only controversial point: the very idea behind Anki, the software I am discussing here, is also not without its detractors⁴.

Every time I mentioned Anki on [2024-08: Ms X.]’s channel some fellow student reacted with interested curiosity, asking me for more information. [2024-08: Ms X.] however never reacted herself, and seemed cold about the idea of studying “word lists”.
[January 4^th update: [2024-08: Ms X.], replying to the email in which I asked her permission to quote her by name in this article, wrote me that she considers Anki useful “as one of many tools in addition to listening and conversation practice”. Her emphasis.]

I will repeat the disclaimer at the bottom of every page in this blog, just to be clear: this article contains my personal opinion and is not endorsed by anybody else.

I am a free-software hacker and a computer scientist specialised in programming languages⁵, working at p≡p on privacy-preserving network applications; I used to teach Computer Science; did a little scientific research years ago, again on Computer Science matters—By which I mean that I have no training and no qualifications whatsoever on natural-language learning. This of course will not stop me from having plenty of opinions⁶ and anecdotal data to report based on experimenting learning techniques on myself.

Anki is not a solution to everything. First of all one must also study grammar, particularly for a difficult fusional language like Russian. And then one’s listening comprehension matters; mine is in fact poor as I exercise it very little, which of course I should change.
Still, limited vocabulary size remains in my experience the biggest obstacle in both comprehension and expression. On that side Anki does help.

A concrete example from an Anki session

Anki is an interactive application, a study tool for memorising information.

Of course I can study multiple topics, which in my case means multiple languages. While Russian is the one I am studying seriously I am also trying not to lose my French, learning a little German, playing with Turkish; even learning the occasional rare English word.

The first thing to do when using Anki is choosing what to study:

Anki’s main “deck” selection interface as it looks at the beginning of a day when the number of studied cards is still zero. As I finish each deck its number of Due cards will change to 0.

The idea is studying a certain number of virtual “cards”: for each card the software shows me a word or phrase⁷, either in Russian or in my native language.

In my head I think of the card’s translation. When I am finished thinking and I have an answer I push the space key.

Anki immediately responds by displaying the correct answer, metaphorically written on the card’s “back”.

Was I correct? If so I push space again; if not I push a different key.

Anki responds by immediately showing me the next card to study, which might be a new card or some card I have studied again but I need to review now.

Again I think of the answer; push space; then, looking at the correct answer, I decide if my answer was correct. And so on.

Anki will show again the cards I did not translate correctly after a few minutes; in the mean time Anki keeps showing other cards I need to work with. When eventually I have replied well to every card and reached the set number of new cards for the day Anki tells me that I am done with that deck; I will study it again the following day.

After I am finished with Russian, or the language I was studying, I can switch to another of my decks.

How it works

Anki is based on the spaced repetition idea. Even if some point may still remain controversial there is good scientific evidence for spaced repetition. This basic studying method was developed by Sebastian Leitner in the 1970s, originally using physical cardboard boxes containing flash cards, each displaying a question on one side and its correct answer on the other.

Animation from Wikipedia, by Zirguezi, released under CC0 1.0.

In the 1970s paper-based Leitner system physical index cards were kept in physical boxes, some boxes being studied more frequently than others. The student needed to physically move each studied card from a box to another after each revision, choosing a different destination box according to the source box and to whether the answer was correct. In the software version “cards” remain as a metaphor, with the advantage of making the bookkeeping trivial: the user only needs to think of the answer to every question, while the software automatically keeps track of every card and its current “box”.

According to experimental studies memory decays exponentially, but at a slower rate each time a item has been refreshed by study. Spaced repetition attempts to schedule repeated study sessions optimally, in order to refresh a memory item that is just about to fade. In case of success each following repetition for the same item will be spaced further and further apart.

From Wikipedia: public-domain image by Icez with minor edits by Luca Saiu, also disclaiming copyright on this picture up to the extent of the applicable law.

The recall success ratio drops exponentially, until a review restores it. After each review the recall ratio drops at a slower rate.

In practice Anki will present more often the cards I have not learned, and more and more rarely those I know well, which is to say the cards I have translated correctly more times in a row.

The power of this idea is that I can study thousands of words, the software automatically keeping track of what I know and do not know, with a relatively small daily effort: the cards I have mastered already will be shown only rarely and cost me little time, while I concentrate on the cards I have not learned well yet or I have learned and then forgotten.

Customisation: my way of using Anki for Russian

Anki lends itself well to customisation. In my way of using it each note is a record containing three pieces of information:

• Russian word or phrase;
• its translation in my native language;
• optional remarks showing inflection, any irregularities, false friends, synonyms, the occasional irregular pronunciation, and the like.

I like always having, for each “note”, exactly two “cards”:

• from Russian, in which I have to translate from Russian to my native language;
• to Russian, which is the opposite.

In both kinds of cards I want to show the optional remarks as part of the answer, on the bottom.

For example, the following card is from Russian:

When displaying its translation answer Anki also reveals the optional remarks, quite long for this complex note:

(“An apple a day keeps the doctor away”. It seems to rhyme and follow some reasonable metre in every language, even if maybe the Russian version does not flow quite as naturally, with that infinitive оставаться.)

From the same note Anki also generates a to Russian card, with question and answer swapped compared to the previous card but the same remarks:

Again the optional remarks appear as part of the answer at the bottom, and not as part of the question:

An obvious visual hint in my cards comes from the colour difference: I use blue to represent Russian, and light grey for everything else. This I consider a very useful convention⁸ but is not the default in Anki.

In fact the entire visual layout of cards, with Front, Back and Remarks was defined by me using an HTML template and CSS⁹. Anki allows this flexibility along with the more important and deeper feature letting users decide the number of items in each cards: I picked three, adding my optional remarks, instead of the default two.

Of course I can configure daily limits: how many new cards to show per day, and an absolute daily limit on how many cards to study per day. Daily limits may be different for each deck, which helps people like me who are seriously studying some topic while just toying with others.

As I became more experienced and understood Russian grammar better my notes became more complex, and I developed my own conventions. In my decks most of the complexity is in the optional remarks, and in a few conventional ways of mapping grammar features across languages when they do not exactly match. For example I use my native language’s past infinitive and indicative anterior future to render (respectively) Russian’s perfective-aspect infinitive and perfective-aspect indicative future. I do not claim novelty for any of these conventions: I might have copied this specific aspect-mood-tense mapping from some video class by [2024-08: Ms X.] or maybe from some book, long ago.

When showing how a noun is inflected in the remarks field I show four grammatical cases: nominative singular, genitive singular, nominative plural and genitive plural. The other forms can usually be reconstructed from those; if not I list the special cases.

For example the noun глава́ “chapter” (plus a few other meanings) is inflected regularly, but its tonic accent pattern across grammatical cases and numbers is remarkable and needs to be memorised: we have the genitive singular главы́ and the nominative plural гла́вы only differing by where the tonic accent falls:

Seeing the remark at the bottom while reviewing is useful as a reminder. However a more reliable solution for remembering the two inflected forms главы́ and гла́вы is using one additional note for each.

First главы́, genitive singular:

Главы́, genitive singular of глава́, “of the chapter”

Then гла́вы, nominative plural:

Гла́вы, nominative plural of глава́, “chapters”

By studying each of these notes I will be forced to remember each inflected form, without confusing them. The downside being, of course, in the cost in terms of number of notes¹⁰.

Another noun with the same accent pattern is рука́ “hand”: рука́,руки́_ру́ки,рук, which also deserves additional notes. Other similar words, on the other hand, do not follow the same pattern: for example про́ба “test” (про́ба,про́бы_про́бы,проб) or суета́ “fuss” (суета́,суеты́_суеты́,суе́т) with the genitive singular and nominative plural cases being identical.

This is a common situation in Russian vocabulary, with respect to tonic accents and even declension or conjugation: each word follows one of a few possible patterns, with one pattern being more common than the others but the others still not quite rare enough to be considered “irregular”.
The only solution is memorising which words follow which pattern. We have to accept that it takes time; I certainly do. Russian is a difficult language. It is also beautiful.

Along the many possible patterns in nouns, some nouns are inflected as if they were adjectives. One example is лёгкое “lung”, in fact indistinguishable from the adjective лёгкий “light” (having little weight) in the neuter gender:

Of course many verbs also exhibit unusual conjugated forms.

Within my notes remarks I use the “△” sign, usually postfix, to mark an irregular form; “□” to mark a regular form following some defined pattern, “◇” to mark a notable or counter-intuitive form; “◁” to mark a dated or obsolete form.

The following card is a good example:

Нашуме́ть means “to make noise” or “to cause a sensation” (difficult to render exactly in my native language) , in the perfective aspect.

Нашуме́ть is a second-group verb (II), an exception to the rule that verbs with an infinitive ending in -еть belong to the first group. Moreover the first-person-singular form¹¹ has an unpredictable “л” (1л) before its inflection ending -ю: it happens to be нашумлю́ instead of нашумю́*. The translated version says (н-) because there are other alternative perfectives прошуме́ть and пошуме́ть. In fact this remark should be improved: the alternate meaning “to cause a sensation” exists for нашуме́ть but not for прошуме́ть and пошуме́ть, which are therefore only partial synonyms.

I normally demand of myself that I memorise the details as well, with the exception of those I also store in separate notes: I will study those notes separately anyway¹².
For example I have a note for тут (in English “here”) with a remark mentioning the synonym здесь (in English “here”, again). The note for здесь mentions the synonym тут. For тут and здесь I have therefore two notes, which turn into four cards. The two translated versions will indicate the initial т- or з-, in order to be distinguishable when translating to Russian.

This is an example of a card for an inflected form of a verb — from ви́деть “to see”, imperfective aspect, which of course also has its own note in the infinitive:

Ви́дишь means “you (singular) see” — imperfective-aspect indicative present, second person singular. Of course I have another note for the infinitive ви́деть, but it is important to memorise some inflected forms for a verb so easy to conjugate incorrectly: judging only from the infinitive this conjugated form would be ви́дешь*.

Notice that ви́жу “I see” is special with respect to л, but not ви́дишь, which follows the regular second-group pattern. Still, it is important not to forget that ви́дишь is in fact not special in that sense.¹³

I am not entirely satisfied with any way of handling what Anki terms “leech cards”: after a certain (high) number of failures to remember a card the Anki default is setting the card aside and just giving up on it in the future: the reasoning is that one’s time is better spent with material on which one can progress, instead of insisting on mastering all of it.
I strongly dislike this default setting which clashes with my mentality, so I set up Anki to just mark leech cards as leeches, without changing their scheduling in any way: any note I insert I want to learn. On the other hand I do spend a long time on some very difficult cards, of course, which is frustrating.

Non-Anki software customisation

Of course I need to type using both the Cyrillic and the Latin alphabets when preparing notes or researching, and to repeatedly switch between them. I can easily commute my keyboard layout between Latin and Cyrillic with a keystroke.

I have memorised both layouts (both custom and non-standard) and now no longer need my old keyboard labels:

However as always, keyboard labels or not, customisation is important: for example I find it absolutely necessary to be able to mark tonic accents: ру́ки “of the hand” (genitive singular) is different from руки́ “hands” (nominative plural). Tonic accent positions are often unpredictable, affect pronunciation and serve to distinguish different inflected forms or different words—homographs up to accent signs, such as за́мок “castle” (nominative singular) and замо́к “lock” (again nominative singular). Such signs are marked in dictionaries but not in ordinary texts meant for native speakers who know how to pronounce Russian and usually have no difficulty with such ambiguities.
This is why even the standard Russian keyboard layout used in Russia provides no way of typing a tonic accent sign.
Of course “standard” layouts will not stop me. If want tonic accents, and I do, I set up my system the way it is convenient for me.

Once established that customisation is desirable it is easy to do more and make our way of using keyboards both more expressive and, where possible, even more consistent across layouts.

I defined a few Emacs key bindings for entering my special remark characters such as △, □ and ◇; and I wrote a simple Emacs Lisp function to perform input validation and correction in my CSV file: for example, adding a missing semicolon at the end.

I wrote a Bash script to validate CSV files checking for the number of fields, and duplicates in the first and second column (since I study every note from-Russian and to-Russian both must be unique).

My custom code is relatively simple and probably not worth cleaning up and including here; I will publish it on request.

Mnemonics

In Russian the verb “to follow” is сле́довать:

Сле́довать is one of the verbs with the -овать ending in the infinitive, which follow a particular but not uncommon conjugation pattern; even without a difficult inflection I initially found this particular root difficult to remember, until I figured out a mnemonic based on English: a sled “follows” the horses pulling it: and the verb is следовать — transliterated, “sledovat’”.

Another example I like is му́дрость “wisdom”:

One can imagine that a very wise person has invented a new food item: a roast (рост*) made of mud (муд*). This particular mnemonics is based on spelling more than sound, and certainly not on meaning; other mnemonics I use may work differently, for example relying on French or on a different language. Imperfect as they are such mnemonic tricks work, with striking imagery—outlandish, silly, obscene—being particularly memorable.

I have developed mnemonics for many difficult words; those make it possible, if slow, for me to reconstruct a word from memory when it is not quite committed to memory yet. After a sufficient number of reviews I will start recalling the word by sound or spelling associations, without relying on the mnemonic crutch any longer.

A few fun cards

Кислород means ”oxygen”; the word etymology in Russian is the same as in English: oxygen is the “origin” (род) of “acid” (кислота́, or ки́слы as an adjective).

The curious fact is oxygen is in fact not a component of every acid, but the people who named the element in France thought it was, back in the 1700. This historical naming mistake has been propagated to other languages, translating Greek roots into matching Slavic roots.

Some proverbs express a peculiarly Russian sense of humour:

“Every surgeon has his own small graveyard”.

These complex cards end up being difficult as study items, since I will not consider a reply correct unless every single word matches. I exploit these cards bearing longer phrases as opportunities for grammar exercises.

I am still unable to use language reference material written in Russian, except in very simple cases. It will take me a while to learn all the relevant grammatical terms, which tend to be long difficult words:

прилага́тельное “adjective”. The noun for “adjective” is itself inflected as an adjective, being (at least according to Wiktionary) a contraction of и́мя прилага́тельное “adjectival name”.

Making Anki notes

I import my notes into Anki from a Comma-Separated-Value text file I edit with GNU Emacs, which for me is much faster to use and more convenient than Anki’s graphical editor.

I enter words which look worth memorising or interesting as I encounter them or as I think of them; I validate translations through Wiktionary. I almost always search for Russian words on the English Wiktionay; see for example борода́ defined in English. It is still too slow and inconvenient for me to to use the Russian Wiktionary (see for example борода́ defined in Russian) unless it is the only option.

Anki’s user interface for importing from a CSV text file.

I configured Anki to present cards from my notes in the order they were imported¹⁴: this means that, if I am faster at adding notes than at studying them, I will memorise my words more or less in the order I add them to the file, but after a certain delay—Currently around seven months.

Here are some excerpts from my input CSV text file ¹⁵ for Russian:

ни..ни;né..né;
сли́шком;troppo;non confondere con почти́ quasi
то́лстый;massiccio / grasso (agg.) (т-);sin. по́лный
то́нкий;magro (agg.) / sottile, fine, delicato (т-н-);comp. тоньше△ sin.(1) худо́й, то́щий sin.(2): не́жный
тоньше;più magro (agg.) / più sottile, più fine, più delicato (т-н-);comp. di то́нкий
то́щий;magro (agg.) (т-щ-);sinonimi: худо́й, то́нкий
сказа́ть;aver detto;ж△ скажу́,ска́жешь..ска́жут imperativo скажи́△ passato сказа́л,сказа́ла solo perf., говори́ть□ usato come imperf.
скажи́;di' (verbo, perf.);imperativo forma di сказа́ть△ж aver detto (solo perf.) ж△ скажу́,ска́жешь..ска́жут imperativo скажи́△ passato сказа́л,сказа́ла solo perf., говори́ть□ usato come imperf.
рассма́тривать;osservare;□ рассма́триваю,рассма́триваешь..рассма́тривают imperativo рассма́тривай passato рассма́тривал,рассма́тривала perf. рассмотре́ть△II guardare: смотре́ть△II
рассма́триваю;osservo;voce di рассма́тривать osservare □ рассма́триваю,рассма́триваешь..рассма́тривают imperativo рассма́тривай passato рассма́тривал,рассма́тривала perf. рассмотре́ть△II guardare: смотре́ть△II
рассма́триваешь;osservi (ind.);voce di рассма́тривать osservare □ рассма́триваю,рассма́триваешь..рассма́тривают imperativo рассма́тривай passato рассма́тривал,рассма́тривала perf. рассмотре́ть△II guardare: смотре́ть△II
рассма́тривают;osservano;voce di рассма́тривать osservare □ рассма́триваю,рассма́триваешь...рассма́тривают imperativo рассма́тривай passato рассма́тривал,рассма́тривала perf. рассмотре́ть△II guardare: смотре́ть△II
рассмотре́ть;aver osservato;△II рассмотрю́,рассмо́тришь..рассмо́трите,рассмо́трят imperativo рассмотри́ passato рассмотре́л,рассмотре́ла perf. di рассма́тривать□ aver guardato: посмотре́ть△II
ча́стый;frequente / folto / rapido;sin. ре́дкий  contr.(1) неча́стый infrequente,raro  vedi частота́ frequenza (scienze) (частота́,частоты́_часто́ты,часто́т agg.rel. часто́тный)
неча́стый;infrequente, raro;contr. (anche altri significati) ча́стый frequente/folto/rapido  sin. ре́дкий
тере́ть;lucidare, sfregare;perde-е-,у,ё△ тру́,трёшь..тру́т imperativo три́□ passato тёр△,тёрла△,тёрло△,тёрли△ perf. потере́ть
тру;(io) lucido;voce di тере́ть△: perde-е-,у,ё△ тру́,трёшь..тру́т imperativo три́□ passato тёр△,тёрла△,тёрло△,тёрли△ perf. потере́ть
трёшь;(tu) lucidi (ind.);voce di тере́ть△: perde-е-,у,ё△ тру́,трёшь..тру́т imperativo три́□ passato тёр△,тёрла△,тёрло△,тёрли△ perf. потере́ть
шля́па;cappello con falda (con л);шля́па,шля́пы_шля́пы,шляп dim. шля́пка (шля́пка,шля́пки_шля́пки,шля́пок)  vedi ша́пка cappello (caldo, in genere senza falda) (ша́пка,ша́пки_ша́пки,ша́пок dim. ша́почка)
шля́пка;cappellino;шля́пка,шля́пки_шля́пки,шля́пок dim. di шля́па cappello con falda (шля́па,шля́пы_шля́пы,шляп)
ша́пка;cappello (caldo, in genere senza falda) (senza л);ша́пка,ша́пки_ша́пки,ша́пок dim. ша́почка vedi снима́ю шля́пу tanto di cappello “mi tolgo il cappello” снима́ть togliersi(vestiti)/fotografare/filmare (□ снима́ю,снима́ешь..снима́ют imperativo снима́й passato снима́л,снима́ла perf. снять△сним-)
снима́ю шля́пу;tanto di cappello;“mi tolgo il cappello”, снима́ть togliersi(vestiti)/fotografare/filmare/aver in affitto (□ снима́ю,снима́ешь..снима́ют imperativo снима́й passato снима́л,снима́ла perf. снять△сним-), снять essersi tolto(vestiti)/aver fotografato/aver filmato/aver avuto in affitto (△? radice сним- сниму́,сни́мешь..сни́мут imperativo сними́ passato сня́л, perf. di снима́ть□), шля́па cappello con falda (шля́па,шля́пы_шля́пы,шляп dim. шля́пка (шля́пка,шля́пки_шля́пки,шля́пок))
скро́мный;modesto, umile (с-);e non “silenzioso”* come avevo scritto per sbaglio  non confondere con гро́мкий rumoroso
скро́мно;modestamente, umilmente (с-);e non “silenziosamente”* come avevo scritto per sbaglio  non confondere con гро́мко rumorosamente
гру́ппа;gruppo;гру́ппа,гру́ппы_гру́ппы,групп agg.rel. группово́й dim. гру́ппка (гру́ппка,гру́ппки_гру́ппки,гру́ппок)
холо́дный;freddo (agg.);contr. горя́чий caldo, ardente non confondere con похо́жий simile
хо́лодно;freddamente / fa freddo (pred.);(2) anche +dat.: мне хо́лодно, contr. жа́рко
мне хо́лодно;ho freddo;“è freddo a me” хо́лодно freddamente / fa freddo (pred.) (2) anche +dat.: мне хо́лодно, contr. жа́рко
гость;ospite, persona ospitata;m. anche se riferito a una donna "guest" гость,го́стя_го́сти,госте́й f. го́стья (го́стья,го́стьи_го́стьи,го́стий) agg.rel. гостево́й o гости́ный

The file format is simple: one note per line, with the three fields (in order: Russian, other language, remarks) separated by ; characters. I can disable an entire line or introduce comments with a # character at the beginning of a line.

People have published list of words ready to import into Anki, for Russian and many other languages. I do not study notes written by others and encourage everybody to prepare their own material: again, I only study and memorise what I understand and am able to describe myself. Preparing my notes is also an exercise in itself.

Since my notes are custom-written of course many of them reflect my personal domains of interest.

AnkiDroid

AnkiDroid is a more or less full-featured version of Anki running on Android systems. I use it on my Replicant phone when travelling by train. AnkiDroid is also free software—I would not advertise it otherwise.

AnkiDroid has similar functionality to the “Computer” version and works very well on Android systems, including Replicant. AnkiDroid is said to be less convenient for editing notes, but I have never even tried that functionality; in fact I hardly edit notes from Anki even in the “computer” version.

I even share the HTML template and CSS style describing how cards are displayed, between the “computer” version and AnkiDroid¹⁶.

When working on the same data on two devices it is important to be able to synchronise local states, making each local storage consistent with the other. Anki supports a network protocol to solve this problem.

I can synchronise data, including both deck contents and study progress, between devices. The client side of the synchronisation protocol is implemented in the interactive Anki software, on both “computer” Anki and AnkiDroid.

I always use a local server set up by me to temporarily host data, while synchronising between computer and phone. The server comes with the “computer” version of Anki and has a simple command-line interface. It is easy to use in practice as long as one can open a server with a public IP address or use IP masquerading to circumvent NAT restrictions.

The Anki web site recommends a specific centralised service for synchronisation, which I do not use. Even if one’s Anki cards and progress are usually not very critical with respect to privacy I try to warn users against disclosing their own personal information in exchange for a little convenience. Here it is quite easy for me to only rely on my own resources, as long as I can make my devices communicate with each other.

Obeying Anki and working to satisfy the machine

By letting Anki determine our study schedule we grant it power over us. A software telling a human what to do is always a cause for concern: one should exercise caution using Anki, and be sure to set the parameters to remain in control.

When I am not in the mood for studying or a day’s workload is high I sometimes have the very unpleasant impression of needing to satisfy the machine, even if this exercise is entirely self-imposed. Every time one skips a day, with Anki, the cards to study the next day pile up, making the next session even heavier¹⁷.

A software is just one case of a particularly inflexible schedule or rule: [2024-08: Ms X.] understood this danger when I presented her my new year resolution about vocabulary study, and in her response hinted at the “sense of guilt” of failing to meet a daily quota. That objection is reasonable, as is her suggestion of focusing on one’s progress or achievements rather than on the difference between what one is and what one would want to be.

Studying Russian lexicon hard for one full year

While I started playing with Anki in early 2020 I was not very constant over time until this long streak covering the entire 2023 year:

A heat map diagram showing how many cards I studied each day, as of January 1^st 2024.

Here I edited together multiple heat maps from Anki’s statistics.

As an alternative to the heat map we can show a histogram:

It is nice to see how the cumulative number of studied cards grew over time, at a more or less linear and quite steep rate.

The large spike shows how hard it was to recover at the beginning after neglecting Anki for many months; that time of intense study happened during the first two weeks of 2023.

Focusing on the last year only is also interesting:

Apart from the initial spike the total number of cards studied every day kept slowly growing. That is a bad sign, as it shows that recent difficult cards¹⁸ kept accumulating so that every day I had to study more. Such a growth rate is not sustainable.

I can see this even more clearly by graphing my last year’s study time instead of the number of cards:

By the end of 2023 my study routine had become harsh. Spending more than 45 minutes a day only on studying Russian cards, not including writing new material or working on grammar—or the other languages—has been unfortunately not unusual during the past few weeks.

I plan to continue studying Russian every day with the same consistency of 2023, but in a less intense way: in practice I am lowering the number of new cards per day, which will prevent difficult recent cards from accumulating too much; as a consequence I expect a more than linear drop in time.

Another sustainability problem comes from the rate at which I kept producing new notes, much faster than I could consume them by studying. The average of 12 cards or 6 notes per day is computed across the entire period of almost four years, including the long intervals in which I did not study.

Of my 17730 Russian cards 12166 (two thirds) are “new”, in the sense of not yet studied even once:

I will add fewer new notes in the future and mostly concentrate on studying the notes I already have, which tend to cover high-frequency words. This will also reduce preparation time, which is significant and not shown in the graphs above.

Anki as a piece of software

I compile Anki snapshots on my GNU/Linux systems; the Anki build I am running now, as of early 2024, is close to version 23.10.
My AnkiDroid build comes from F-Droid.

This happens occasionally when Anki is idle: a minor bug of which I have no reason to complain, as I use random snapshots.

Anki, while inefficient, works quite reliably. I am grateful to its authors for this very useful piece of software.

I have more to say about Anki from a technical point of view, but that discussion belongs in a separate article.

I am a lucky man

E., who differently from me is a practical person, uses Anki to improve her already good German. Every day she spends some time reviewing words on her computer on the desk next to mine, and as I do the same she endures my constant mumbling to myself in Russian.

By skipping revisions on some specific days in order to turn specific “pixels” off in her heat map, E. completed this pattern in time for my birthday.

E. was also the first person who mentioned Anki to me, I think in 2019, before the beginning of our relationship. I then proceeded to forget about her suggestion and re-discover Anki independently by myself, even recommending it back to her in 2020.

Tags: anki, anti-feature, bash, crippleware, e, emacs, english, free-software, gnu, gnu-linux, hacking, keyboard, myself, natural-language, privacy, russian-language, software, tutorial